HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
The article is devoted to the most important aspect of Peter the Great’s cultural policy – the formation of a new man. The way to do this was not only an external change in appearance (clothing, appearance, secular manners), but also the transformation of fundamental categories of everyday culture, which covered relatively wide segments of the population. These important categories include symbols and emblems, coins, awards, flags and coats of arms, letters and numbers, calendar, as well as geographical names. Peter consistently carried out reforms in these areas, carrying them out in the context of the general policy of westernization, however, adapting these categories of culture to domestic traditions. In some cases, innovations were introduced at the legislative level, in some - modernization took place in a gradual, evolutionary way. As a result, by the mid-1710s, a new calendar, a new appearance of printed and handwritten text, new numbers, new monetary denominations in coin incarnation with portrait images and coats of arms, new state symbols and national colors, a new name of the new capital, i.e. all those factors with which a person is constantly in contact in everyday life. The change in these categories of everyday life laid the foundation for a new culture of Russia and contributed to the formation of the consciousness of a new person of this culture.
The article aims to reconstruct the system of religious views of Peter I, and first of all, his understanding of the Christian doctrine of salvation and justification of man. The attitude to many other spheres of church life, in turn, depended on the solution of this theological issue. Having conceived to carry out a radical reform of Russian Church, Peter took measures aimed at the spiritual transformation of the Russian people, the restructuring of the national consciousness, their «new catechization». That is why he attached great importance to the task of creating a new type of catechism intended for spiritual enlightenment of the Russian people. Peter’s reform was based on the desire to purify the popular faith from «superstitions and prejudices,» which, in his opinion, included many canons and dogmas of the Orthodox Church. The analysis of Peter’s statements (as well as his ideologue Feofan Prokopovich) about Christianity and the Church allows us to conclude that Peter I’s religious ideas had features characteristic of the Protestant system of values, which he persistently sought to instill in his subjects.
The paper deals with the question of how military control was established and how relations with the local population developed in the territory of Ingria and the Baltic states in the initial period of the Northern War. The situation in these two regions was different. The population of Ingria from the very beginning was perceived as «their own», and during the hostilities Peter I forbade the destruction of this territory. After the Russian troops entrenched themselves in this area, resettlement from other regions began there, in connection with this, they established it as a military one. So is civil administration. The population of the Baltics was initially considered an enemy, and the tsar encouraged the ruin of Livonia, however, as the territory of this region was occupied by Russian troops, the attitude towards its inhabitants also changed, which Peter I gradually began to perceive as his subjects. Military administration in Livonia was established in the same way as in Ingria.
The article examines the implementation of the Azov component of Tsar Peter the First foreign policy debut on the basis of the principle of historicism. Recently discovered archival documents, the latest archaeological data and research by historians were used. The capture of Azov, the fleet base built on the sea cape Tagan Rog, the Miuss fortress district and finally the newborn Russian fleet itself forced the Turkish Sultan to sign the Constantinople Peace Treaty, which consolidated the successes of Russian weapons. The failure of the Prut campaign postponed the final solution to the security of the southern borders for decades. It is shown that Catherine II managed to complete and develop Peter’s plans, using the groundwork created by him and a systematic approach to the case that justified itself. On the basis of concrete facts, the connection of the events of the XVIII century with modernity is shown.
Within the framework of this study, the author analyzes the features of the construction of the image of Peter I in the Russian historical cinema of the post-Soviet period. As a source, feature films and TV series dedicated both directly to Peter the Great himself and his era are considered. The article draws conclusions about the most popular historical heroes in cinema, directly related to the first Russian emperor, and gives characteristics of the bright film incarnations of the reformer tsar. Thus, the analysis of post-Soviet Russian historical cinema allows us to conclude that in recent decades, plots related to the personal life of the tsar (the conflict with Tsarevich Alexei and the relationship with Catherine I) have been in demand. The author also traces the connections between modern Russian and Soviet cinema and highlights common places in the interpretation of the image of Peter I. The characteristic features of the cinematic image of Peter I, set in the films of the first half of the XX century, namely, impulsiveness, determination, complete dedication, migrated to modern cinema and continue to be exploited when creating new films.
Based on a wide range of archival and published sources, the article examines the activities of the famous lexicographer V. I. Dahl in Nizhny Novgorod. This period, which replaced historical eras (the reign of Nicholas I and the reforms of Alexander II), is of particular importance for characterizing the public position and personal qualities of the future author of the «Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language». For ten years, holding the position of manager of the Nizhny Novgorod appanage office, V.I. Dahl played a prominent role in the socio-political life of one of the most important provinces of Central Russia. The authors analyze in detail the relationships between V.I. Dahl and the Nizhny Novgorod provincial administration, including the military governor A.N. Muravyov, a conflict with whom was one of the reasons for the resignation of the lexicographer from public service. Particular attention is paid to the ideological position of V.I. Dahl on the peasant question, in connection with the preparation for the abolition of serfdom. A number of circumstances of the Nizhny Novgorod period of the biography of V.I. Dahl were studied for the first time.
TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT
Digitalization of various regions of Russia is developing unevenly. The authors trace some trends and directions of the digital development of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the basis of studies conducted by various structures to assess the level of development of e-government, information society, end-to-end technologies, etc. A comparison of the positions of eight subjects of the Russian Federation in various ratings in the period from 2012 to 2021. Certain strategies for the introduction of IT technologies in the regions are described - strategies of leaders who offer best practices, expanding the range of IT technology implementation in all spheres of life; the second group chooses one or two directions in order to achieve uniqueness in them, to become a driver of digitalization of a specific sphere, the introduction of a specific service; the third group fulfills the requirements and installations of federal authorities, without being able to additionally finance developments in the IT field. The results of the study allowed us to formulate some conclusions concerning the increase in the indicators of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the overall rating of digitalization of the country’s regions.
The following paper features an attempt to evaluate the degree of activity of bilateral contacts at Russia-Kazakhstan border. The research was conducted within the program of targeted funding of BR10965282 project “Kazakhstan-Russia border: historical context and new geopolitical reality” by the Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on peculiarities of information space of northern regions of Republic of Kazakhstan and Omsk, Novosibirsk and Chelyabinsk oblasts of Russian Federation. It seems possible to present common and specific cases that occur during information coverage of socio-political agenda in regional Mass Media in border region. The dominating cases were determined to reveal the flexibleness and susceptibility of information space to the occurring events in the neighboring country. Consequently, a degree of presence of Kazakh agenda in Russian information space and Russian agenda in Kazakh information space was determined. Several proposals on possibility of involvement of regional Mass Media on systematic basis at a state level have been made. For instance, a more active formation of information agenda at a regional level was proposed for purposes of counteraction to asymmetric hybrid impact in context of information wars in the world.
In this article, the author reviewed a brief history of the development and establishment of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and Mongolia. Based on the historical experience between the two states, the main directions of interregional cooperation between the regions of the Russian Federation were considered, including the constituent entities of the Russian Federation bordering the Mongolian aimaks, namely the Republics of Altai, Buryatia, Tuva and the Trans-Baikal Territory. At the same time, based on the statistical data of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, an analysis was made of trade, economic and investment interregional and border cooperation between the regions of the Russian Federation and Mongolia from 2014 to 2021. Additionally, cooperation between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and Mongolia in the social and military spheres is considered. Based on the analysis of cooperation in various fields and directions, a number of subjects of the Russian Federation were identified that are actively working to develop Russian-Mongolian relations. The strengths and weaknesses of interregional cooperation between the regions of the Russian Federation and the aimags of Mongolia have been considered and analyzed, and on the basis of them a number of proposals have been prepared aimed at developing interregional cooperation.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
The article, through the use of the method of quantitative and qualitative content analysis of media materials, as well as a sociological survey of the population of Spain, examines the phenomenon of «negatization» of the international political image of the Russian Federation against the backdrop of the Crimean and Ukrainian events in the context of increasing geopolitical confrontation, information wars, and also evaluates the role of the Spanish media in constructing the image of the state. The author concludes that the content of the Spanish discourse regarding the assessment of Russia and its role in international affairs from 2014 to 2022 has significantly transformed, and that the Spanish media use the patterns set by the USA, which is expressed in the portrayal of Russia as an aggressor, posing a serious threat to international security and stability. At the same time, there is a need to increase the effectiveness of the domestic media in the process of adjusting the image of Russia and minimizing its negative characteristics.
The following article is focused on the issues of development of innovative economy based on statistics and sythesis of previously conducted scientific researches. These challenges are analysed through the case study of Germany and Spain as they represent different groups of countries in terms of innovation and feature various approaches to overcome the problems.Such problems as: inability to adapt to the objective trend to slow down the widespread introduction of innovations, underfunding of high-tech industries, lack of radical innovations, narrow scope of higher education specializations, lack of mechanisms to protect investors in innovative projects and inconsistency of legislation regulating innovative activity are considered typical for Germany. The issues of underestimation of the innovative potential of the state, lack of infrastructure and coordination between its facilities, high level of bureaucracy, insufficient training and inefficient use of resources are the ones that Spainish economy faces. Detection of the above listed challenges allows to develop recommendations to resolve the issues of German and Spanish innovative economics. Their expirience would to be useful in identifying the challenges of the current situation and in formulating development strategies for states with similar problems, including Russia.
ISSN 2782-621X (Online)